What is it about?Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease of the endocrine group.In all patients, inadequate glucose absorption occurs, which leads to the insufficiency of hormone insulin, which can be relative or absolute.
What should be food?A balanced diet, which includes a lot of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, low fat and healthy fat proteins, can help people with diabetes control the blood sugar level.
General Power Rules for Diabetes
Today, the incidence of diabetes is one of the most pressing problems in medicine.Statistics show that since 2013 the number of patients who were diagnosed has doubled.At present, more than 425 million people suffer.The prognosis, unfortunately, is sad.It is possible that after 10-12 years the number of patients in the world is 629 million.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease of the endocrine group.In all patients, inadequate glucose absorption occurs, which leads to the insufficiency of hormone insulin, which can be relative or absolute.
As a result, patients develop hyperglycemia, which is characterized by glucose in persistent high blood.Diabetes mellitus leads to a violation of each type of metabolism, namely carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals and water.
It is worth noting for what reasons the disease develops.When a person has destruction or pancreatic cells destroying, type 1 diabetes mellitus begins to progress.Most of the time, in this situation, absolute insulin deficiency occurs.Genetics can also play a role here, as well as several external factors: eating habits, viral diseases, hygiene principles, etc.
With diabetes of the second type, insulin resistance develops.Within this type, insulin deficiency is relative.It is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia.
Regardless of the type of disease, all patients have an increase in blood sugar.The cells lack carbohydrates due to their glucose resistance.That is, glucose, instead of entering the cage, just nothing in the blood.
Each patient with diabetes should adhere to a diet prescribed by the treating doctor.The patient needs to reduce carbohydrate load by 5-7 %, the amount of fat used should be increased.
Not long ago, the diabetes power supply meant a complete exclusion of simple carbohydrates.But today, patient diet compiles individually, calculated by Kbzhu.Of the diabetics themselves, you can often hear the following sentence: "With diabetes, there are no strict prohibitions, there is only a healthy lifestyle."
The diet base is a glycemic index that shows the sugar suction rate.
A high glycemic index has a high simple carbohydrate content.These include confectionery, jam, cookies, etc.That is, sugar is absorbed from them fast enough.Croats, vegetables and fruits have a low index, respectively, suction speed when they use them decrease.This makes it possible for the pancreas to be easier to deal with the load.
Important:The patient's diet must include products, whose glycemic index is less than 55. Its division occurs gradually and blood sugar levels practically do not increase.
Each product has its own insulin index.This indicator demonstrates how much insulin will increase after its diet.Each patient should take into account the value with diabetes to predict what the body's reaction will be to the use of a particular food, as well as to correctly calculate the dose of insulin as a medication, short and prolonged.The medication injections are prescribed by a doctor after eating.
In fact, the patient is eaten, the food in any case will come to the release of insulin.The development of insulin resistance is often determined by the number of "insulin swings".The more there is, the more the probability of resistance will be.The latter, in turn, leads to the development of type 2 diabetes. Let's give an example.
Many of us are inclined to believe that dairy products and fermented milk, such as cottage cheese, kefir, yogurt, are the perfect snack.In fact, all of these products have a very high insulin index.Therefore, the use of them forces a swing that leads to a change in the patient's emotional background, bad mood and irritability.
Next we will analyze the basis of nutrition for diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes diet
Proper balanced diet in type 1 diabetes opens up the following possibilities: to reduce the risks of strokes, heart attacks and complications, maintain normal blood glucose levels, increase the protective mechanisms of the immune system and get rid of excess weight.Subject to the diet recommended by the treating doctor, the patient will feel good.
The main rule is to control the blood glucose level, it must vary within the range of 3.5 to 5.5 mmol/l.The basic principles of nutrition are the following:
- No more than 2 thousand kilocalias should be consumed daily.
- Fractional power, in small portions.At least 5 meals per day.
- There should be no pure sucrose in the diet, this will maintain a normal glucose level.
- Most carbohydrates should be in the first half of the day.
- Late meal abstinence.
- The maximum exclusion of simple carbohydrates that are contained in baked, jams, confectionery and honey.
- Using a malcrine.Stevia is perfect here.It is important to give preference to products with a natural composition.
- Building an insulin therapy graph under the time of food.The prolonged medication is administered before meals, a short action medication, later.
- Maintaining the accounting of bread units.The value of each reception should not exceed 8 units of bread.
If the patient has a history of gastrointestinal tract diseases, it should be excluded from their salted, smoked, fat (including bolts), coffee, soft drinks, alcohol, mushrooms, canned products.In other words, one should not use what contributes to excessive enzyme secretion, since they affect carbohydrate absorption speed.
For diabetics, products are divided into allowed and prohibited.The following classification should be taken into account when compiling a weekly menu.A competent approach will normalize blood glucose level.Ignoring nutritionists recommendations can lead to sad consequences.
Products from type 1 diabetes:
- Barrow prepared without yeast.For example, Lavash.
- Berries and fruits.For example, plum, cherry, citrus fruits, apples, pears.
- Soy products (tofu, milk).
- Cereals and cereals (barley, oatmeal, Sarracene wheat).
- Vegetarian soups, including Sopes-Puree.
- Drinks, which include bad berry mineral water, berries, sugar -free compotes.
- Vegetables.For example, onions, zucchini, pepper, beets, carrots.
- Balls.
- Nick coffee, sugarless tea.
Prohibited products for type 1 diabetes:
- Fat soups and broths.
- Pasta.
- Bakery.
- Confectionery.
- Sweets and chocolate.
- Fast food dishes, semi -final products.
- Alcohol.A special prohibition is the red dessert wine.
- Smoked, sharp, strongly salty.
- Fat meat, in particular pork, lamb, duck.
- Bigwig.For example, Mackerel.
It is important that diet products have a minimum degree of processing during preparation.
It is advisable to eat raw vegetables and fruits, but in stew, boiled or baked, it is also allowed.Doctors do not recommend fried foods.
If the patient is involved in sports, during the period of intense loads, food can be adjusted, since training leads to increased carbohydrate consumption.
To avoid hyperglycemic coma, the patient is recommended in their diet to include plant products, which reduces blood glucose.It can be, for example, a doccation of blueberries or pink tea.
Important:In the presence of a disease, the patient must adhere to an individual diet prescribed by the assistant doctor-endocrinologist, and not the general recommendations.If in a patient who is insulin, the body mass index indicates obesity, its daily calories should be 1200 to 1400 kcal.If there is no need for weight correction, the daily calorie rate increases.
Type 2 diabetes diet
The power supply for type 2 diabetes is based on the following bases:
- Sugar subtitutes are an alternative to refined carbohydrates.
- Proteins should be 20 %of the diet, fat - 30 %, carbohydrates - 50 %.
- The consumption of animal fats should be reduced to 50 %.
The daily calorie rate depends on how much energy the patient spends during the day, as well as their weight.It is necessary that there are 5 meals during the day, whose dishes are cooked in steamed or served boiled.
Since diabetics have a greater sensitivity of the kidneys, it cannot exaggerate with protein products.The diet should include those products that help improve the metabolism of fats.These include bran, rosehip flowers, vegetable oils, cereals, fermented dairy products.
To understand how effective is the diet, they were prescribed patient tests for blood sugar with some frequency.The first nearby blood is made with an empty stomach, then in two hours.If the results differ from normal indicators, the doctor adjusts the patient's diet and also changes the dose of medications.
The energy supply for type 2 diabetes does not differ much with the eating habits of people who adhere to a healthy lifestyle.Both those and others feed on small portions, but often.The recommended meal number per day is 5, include 3 main meals, each of which is equal to 5-8 bread units and 2 snacks equal to 1-2 bread units.
You cannot ignore breakfast, it is very important for rational meals.It is necessary to eat at least every 4 hours, the last meal is no later than an hour and a half before bedtime.Following the above recommendations is an excellent disease prevention of the cardiovascular system, eye injuries (retinopathy), kidneys (nephropathy), as well as the nervous system (neuropathy).
Useful products for diabetes mellitus
Ginger
Ginger has a positive effect on metabolism, normalizes the patient's blood glucose indicators and improves blood coagulation.It is advisable to use it daily.
Whole grains
Products such as whole wheat bread, film seeds and comprehensive rice prevent the development of diabetes.The normalization of blood glucose level due to its use can be explained by a sufficient amount in its fiber composition.Since whole grains create a barrier for sugar jumps, with a special desire to eat something with a high glycemic index, you must definitely add complex carbohydrates to the plate.
Cinnamon
Cinnamon helps improve insulin cell sensitivity.This spice participates in the regulation of the insulin level.In addition, it normalizes blood pressure, so it is recommended to use it not only for diabetics, but also for hypertension.
Citrus
Any citrus fruit has antioxidants.They also normalize insulin level.
Balls
Nuts contain a lot of mono -signs and magnesium.Statistics show that patients with diabetes who eat nuts regularly suffer less than others for glucose jumps.
Olive oil
The use of olive oil is an excellent disease prevention of the cardiovascular system.In addition, the product regulates the blood glucose level.
Fish
The fish is the source of Omega-3.These fatty acids should be a mandatory component of diabetes nutrition.They synthesize red blood cells, as well as cell membranes, positively affect the absorption of vitamins and minerals with the body, reduce inflammation and prevent the development of insulin resistance.
Legumes
Legumes are another stabilizer of the patient's blood glucose levels.They practically do not have saturated fats that damage the cardiovascular system.
Green leafy vegetables
Salad leaves, spinach, all types of cabbage are the basis of the diabetes diet.These products are of low qualification, but at the same time they contain a sufficient amount of useful substances.The latter includes vitamin C, beta -carotene and magnesium.These elements avoid the development of type 2 diabetes by 14 %.Recommended dose - 106 grams daily.
Prohibited products for diabetes mellitus
Today, doctors believe that it is not necessary to strictly limit patients with diabetes in the diet.Patients can afford to eat tasty and diverse, but there are a series of products that are still recommended to refrain, not only with diabetics, but also for all supporters of a healthy lifestyle.
Some fruits
Some dry fruits and fruits cause an increase in blood glucose.These include dry apricot, dates, figs, raisins, chaqui, melon, grapes, bananas.
Transfinery
The transfiners are rich in dishes of a fast food menu, as well as margarine, confectionery.Dargan not only health, but also a figure.
Semi -final products
Semi -final products are prepared using additives such as aromatizers, stabilizers, flavors amplifiers.It is not especially recommended to buy fish sticks, chops, meatballs, sausages, meatballs and sausages in stores.If you really want, it is better to cook them yourself.
Fat foods
Gorda food causes blood sugar.The energy supply for diabetes should not include ducks, pork, lamb, butter, mayonnaise and fat dairy products.
Bakery
The Cooking of Asso must also be excluded.Includes bakery products, muffins and cookies.
Sweet
It is necessary to abandon sugar in its pure form, as well as from products that contain it in large quantities.Under the ban: ice cream, milk chocolate, jam, halva, marmalade, marmalade and other sweets.
Table No. 9 for diabetes
In the first quarter of the twentieth century, 15 diets were developed for diabetics and patients with other diseases.Its authorship belongs to a well -known nutritionist.Despite the fact that today your system is outdated, it has not lost its effectiveness, so today many doctors still use it.
A place for patients with type 2 diabetes, in 9 tables.Table No. 9 is based on the same principles that are used today: partial or complete rejection of rapid carbohydrates, special attention to proteins and fiber.
The diet can still be used, although it was created more than 100 years ago, but endocrinologists make their own adjustments, depending on the patient's condition.
Gestational diabetes diet
Gestational diabetes is a consequence of a malformation of a pancreas of a pregnant woman.As a general rule, this condition is easy to control.The main rule is to eat rationally.
- It does not consume sugar, cakes, cakes, sdoba, fruits with a high sugar content, as well as the replacement of sugar and products that contain it.
- Bju must have the following proportions: 30 %, 20 %, 50 %.
- It is necessary to drink daily from 1.5 to 2 liters of drinking water.
- Include starch products in the diet, among which cereals, legumes, battles, beets, radish and fermented dairy products.
- Fresh fruits are perfect for a snack.
- The total number of meals is 5, of which 3 are the main and 2 snacks.
- Do not ignore the use of vitamin complexes for expectant mothers.
- To reduce sugar, drink plants decoctions: celery, Linden, lilas, blueberries and beans.
- Reject or limit caffeine in the diet.The number of tea and coffee portions should not exceed 2 daily.
Diabetes mellitus in children
The main causes of the development of diabetes in children are a hereditary predisposition or lack of rational nutrition.In the last case, we are talking about simple and sweet carbohydrates abuse.In some cases, diabetes in a child appears as a result of mental or physical trauma.The treatment is selected individually depending on the seriousness of the disease, the main role is played by nutrition and the introduction of insulin, if we are talking about type 1 diabetes.
The nutrition of children in diabetes should include vegetables: cabbage, onion, spinach and garlic.There are fruits, but only those that contain a minimum amount of sugar.Low fat, poultry and fish are also allowed.Dairy products, provided they have a low percentage of fat content.The allowed spices that improve protein absorption are acceptable.
Sweet confectionery and fruits: under a strict prohibition.It is also recommended to exclude rice.
Assistant doctors teach parents from their patients to calculate the amount of bread units and insulin dose.IMPORTANT: The sooner the child learns to do it alone, the better.
Alcohol for diabetes mellitus
It is recommended that alcohol limit strictly if it is not possible to completely abandon its use.The amount of alcohol can be caused by a patient with diabetes.
Alcohol in a small amount is allowed, but it is important to remember some things.
The stronger alcohol, the more calories in it.There are 710 kilocalias per 100 grams of pure alcohol, and this is not much less than in fats.Any alcohol drink also has energy value, also has carbohydrates.A glass of beer is approximately 200 kilocalías, and a glass of wine is approximately 100.
Why is it not recommended to drink alcohol?The point is that it causes sugar jumps and can cause hypoglycemia, that is, to a strong decrease in glucose levels.When drinking alcohol, alcohol enters the liver, the organ spends its energy on the decomposition of alcohol molecules and forgets that it also needs to release glucose.To prevent this from happening, it is better to drink alcohol during meals or immediately after eating.
By the way, some scientists are of the opinion that alcohol in reasonable quantities not only does not harm, but also has little benefit for patients with type 2 diabetes.
It is important to remember that alcohol causes the growth of glucose levels, its regular use can lead to the development of diabetes of the second type.
In addition, many drugs cannot be combined with alcohol.Among them are insulin and sulfonylmochevina.This combination can cause strong hyperglycemia.
How to drink alcohol that suffers from diabetes?
- Consider the calorie content of alcohol along with the usual diet.
- Preference to low beverages in heats where there are few calories.
- Do not drink on an empty stomach.
- Eat alcohol.
- Control blood glucose level.
- In a company where you drink alcohol, warn about your illness.Let people be prepared to provide emergency assistance if necessary.
- Do not mix alcohol and medicine.